1. Accuracy- correctness or precision
2. Affix- one or more letters occurring as a bound from attached to the beginning or end of a word of base and serving to produce a derivative word or an inflectional form (e.g. a prefix or suffix)
3. Alliteration- the repetition of initial consonant sound in neighboring words
4. Allusion- an implied or indirect reference in literature to a familiar person, place, or event
5. Analysis- the process or result of identifying the parts of a whole and their relationships to one another
6. Antonym- a word that is opposite of another word (e.g. hot-cold, day-night)
7. Appositive- also called apposition; a grammatical construction in which two usually adjacent nouns having the same referent stand next to one another; often separated by commas (e.g. My father, Ned, worked for NASA.)
8. Assertion- a declaration, statement, allegation or claim
9. Author's purpose- the author's intent either to inform or teach someone about something, to entertain people, or to persuade or convince their audience to do or not do something
10. Author's Thesis- the topic and a specific feeling or idea associated with it, the thesis can be directly stated or implied in the examples and illustrations used by the author
11. Autobiography- the story of a person's life written by himself or herself
12. Bias- a judgment based on a personal point of view
13. Biography- the story of a person's life written by someone other than the subject of the work
14. Cause and Effect- cause statements stem from actions and events, and effects are what happen as a result of the action or event
15. Characterization- the method an author uses to reveal characters and their various personalities
16. Climax- the turning point in a narrative, the moment when the conflict is at its most intense; typically, the structure of the stories, novels and plays is one of rising action, in which tension builds to the climax
17. Compare- placing together characters, situations or ideas to show common or differing features in literary selections
18. Compound Word- a word composed of two or more small words, the definition of which is a combination of the definitions of the small words (e.g. wallpaper)
19. Conclusion- the ending of the story or the summarization of ideas of closing argument in nonfictional texts
20. Conflict/Problem- a struggle or clash between opposing characters, forces or emotions
21. Content Specific Words- core vocabulary the is peculiar to an academic discipline or subject, for example, the word precipitation is related to the discipline of science as it relates to weather
22. Context Clues- information from the reading that identifies a word or group of words
23. Contrast- to compare or appraise differences
24. Conventions of Language- mechanics, usage and sentence completeness
25. Descriptive Text- descriptive writing is intended to allow a reader to picture the scene or setting in which the action of a story takes place
26. Dialogue- in its widest sense, dialogue is simply conversation between people in a literary work; in its most restricted sense, it refers specifically to the speech of characters in a drama
27. Differentiate- distinguish, tell apart and recognize differences between two or more items
28. Editorials- a newspaper or magazine article that gives the opinion of the editors or publishers; an expression of opinion that resembles such an article
29. Epic- a long narrative poem about the adventures of a hero of great historic or legendary importance
30. Evaluate- to examine and to judge carefully
31. Exaggeration- to make an overstatement or to stretch the truth
32. Explanatory Sentence- a sentence that explains something (i.e. passage, paragraph, word)
33. Explicit- referring to specific text that is included in the reading passage or in the directions
34. Expository Text- text written to explain and convey information about a specific topic, contrasts with narrative text
35. Fable- narrative intended to convey a moral, animals or inanimate objects with human characteristics often serve as characters in fables
36. Fairy Tale- short narratives featuring mythical beings such as fairies, elves and sprites; these tales originally belonged to the folklore of a particular nation or region, such as those collected in Germany by Jacob and Willhelm Grimm
37. Fallacies of Logic- see propaganda techniques
38. Fiction- any story that is the product of imagination rather than a documentation of fact; characters and events in such narratives may be based in real life but their ultimate form and configuration is a creation of the author
39. Figurative Language- language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling
40. First Person- the "first person" or "personal" point of view relates events as they are perceived by a single character; the main character "tells" the story and may offer opinions about the action and characters that differ from those of the author
41. Flashback- a device used in literature to present action that occurred before the beginning of the story; flashbacks are often introduced as the dreams or recollections of one or more characters
42. Fluency- the clear, easy, written or spoken expression of ideas; freedom from word-identification problems that might hinder comprehension in silent reading or the expression of ideas in oral reading
43. Focus- the center of interest or attention
44. Folktales- a story originating in oral tradition; folktales fall into a variety of categories, including legends, ghost stories, fairy tales, fables and anecdotes based on historical figures and events
45. Foreshadowing- a device used in literature to create expectation or to set up an explanation of later development
46. Free Verse- poetry that lacks regular metrical and rhyme patterns but that tries to capture the cadences of everyday speech; the form allows a poet to exploit a variety of rhythmical effects within a single poem
47. Generalization- a conclusion, drawn from specific information, that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person
48. Genre- a category used to classify literary works, usually by form, technique or contect (e.g. prose, poetry)
49. Graphic Organizer- a diagram or pictorial device that shows relationship
50. Headings, Graphics and Charts- any visual cue on a page of text that offer additional information to guide the reader's comprehension; headings typically are words or phrases in bold print that indicate a topic or the theme of a portion of text; graphics may be photographs, drawings, maps or any other pictorial representation; charts condense data into a series of rows, lines or other shortened lists
51. Homophone- one of two of more words pronounced alike, but different in spelling or meaning (e.g. hair/hare)
52. Hyperbole- an exaggeration or overstatement (e.g. I was so embarrassed I could have died.)
53. Idiomatic Language- an expression peculiar to itself grammatically or that cannot be understand if taken literally (e.g. Let's get on the ball!)
54. Imagery- a word of group of words in a literary work which appeal to one or more of the senses; sight, taste, touch, hearing and smell; figurative language; the use of images serves to intensify the impact of the work
55. Implicit- meanings which, though unexpressed in the literal text, may be understood by the reader; implied
56. Inference- a judgment based on reasoning rather than on direct or explicit statement; a conclusion based on facts or circumstances; understanding gained by "reading between the lines"
57. Inflectional Ending- a form, suffix or element added to the end of a word that changes the form of the word to mark such distinctions as those of case, gender, number, tense, person, mood or voice
58. Informational Text- it is nonfiction, written primarily to convey factual information, comprise the majority of printed material adults read
59. Irony- the use of a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or usual meaning; incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the expected result
60. Legends- a story about a mythical or supernatural beings or events, or a story coming down from the past, especially one popularly reguarded as historical although not verifiable
61. Limerick- a light or humerous verse form of five lines, of which lines 1, 2 and 5 rhymes and lines 3 and 4 rhyme
62. Limited View- in literature, a speaker is speaking either in the first person, telling things from his or her own perspective, or in the third person, telling things from the perspective of the onlooker; if the speaker is unable to know what is in any character's mind by his or her own, this is called limited view
63. Literary Conflict- the struggle that grows out of the interplay of the two opposing forces in a plot
64. Literary Devices- tools used by the author to enliven and provide voice to the writing (e.g. dialogue, alliteration)
65. Literary Elements- the essential techniques used in literature (e.g. characterization, setting, plot, theme)
66. Literary Nonfiction- text that includes literary elements and devices usually associated with fiction to report on actual persons, places or events
67. Main Idea- the main idea is the author's central thought, the chief topic of a text expressed or implied in a word or phrase; the topic sentence of a paragraph
68. Metaphor- a figure of speech that expresses an idea through the image of another object; a metaphor suggest the essence of the first object by identifying it with certain qualities of the second object
69. Meter- the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry
70. Mood- the prevailing emotions of a work or of the author in his or her creation of the work; the mood of the work is not always what might be expected based on its subject matter
71. Multiple-meaning Words- words that have several meanings depending upon how they are used in sentences
72. Narrative- text which conveys a story or which relates events or dialogue; contrast with expository text
73. Nonfiction- prose writing that is not fictional; designed primarily to explain, argue, instruct, or describe rather than entertain
74. Omniscient- narrative perspective from which a literary work is presented to the reader from a "godlike" perspective, unrestricted by time or place, from which to see actions and look into the minds of characters, this allows the author to comment openly on characters and events in the work
75. Onomatopoeia- the use of words whose sounds express or suggest their meaning
76. Paraphrase- restate text or passage in other words, often to clarify meaning or show understanding
77. Pattern Book- a book with a predicable language structure and often written with predictable text
78. Personification- an object or abstract idea given human qualities or human form
79. Phonics- the relationship between letters and sounds fundamental in beginning reading
80. Plot- the structure of a story, the sequence in which the author arranges events in a story
81. Poetic Purpose- text with literary devices and language peculiar to poetry
82. Poetry- writing that aims to present ideas and evoke an emotional experience in the reader through the use of meter, imagery, connotative and concrete words
83. Point of View- the way in which an author reveals characters, events and ideas in telling a story, the vantage point from which the story is told
84. Possessive- a form of a noun or pronoun that indicates possession
85. Prefix- a prefixes are groups of letters taht can be placed before a word to alter its meaning
86. Print Media- includes such forms as newspapers, periodicals, magazines, books, newsletters, advertising, memos, business forms, etc
87. Problem/Solution- an organizational structure in nonfiction texts, where the author typically presents a problem and possible solution to it
88. Propaganda Techniques and Persuasive Tactics- used to influence people to believe, but or do something
89. Public Document- a document that focuses on civic issues or matters of public policy at the community level and beyond
90. Reading Critically- reading in which a questioning attitude, logical analysis and inference are used to judge the worth of text; evaluating relevancy and adequacy of what is read; the judgment of validity or worth of what is read, based on sound criteria
91. Reading Rate- the speed at which a person reads, usually silently
92. Research- a systematic inquiry into a subject or problem in order to discover, verify or revise relevant facts of principles having to do with that subject or problem
93. Resolution- the portion of a story following the climax, in which the conflict is resolved
94. Retell- recounting in one's own words a story or article that has just been read
95. Rhyme- identical or very similar recurring final sounds in words usually at the end of lines of a poem
96. Rhythm- the pattern or beat of a poem
97. Rising Action- the part of the story where the plot becomes increasingly complicated; leads to the climax or turning point
98. Root Word- one to which prefixes and suffixes can be added to form different words
99. Satire- literary tone used to ridicult or make fun of human vice or weakness
100. Self- Monitor- comprehension strategy; knowing or recognizing when what one is reading or writing is not making sense
101. Semantics- the study of meaning of language
102. Setting- the time and place in which a story unfolds
103. Simile- comparison of two unlike things in which a word or comparison (like or as) is used
104. Sonnet- lyric poem of fourteen lines whose rhyme scheme is fixed
105. Source- Primary- text and/or artifacts that tell of show a first hand account of an event
Secondary- text and/or artifacts used when researching that are derived from something original (e.g. biographies, magazine articles, research papers)
106. Story Maps- visual representation of a story that provides an overview including characters, setting, the problem, and a resolution or ending
107. Subject Area- an organized body of knowledge, a discipline, a content area
108. Suffix- groups of letters placed after a word to modify its meaning or change it into a different word group
109. Summarize- to capture all the most important parts of the original text, but express them in a much shorter space, and in the reader's own words
110. Style- how an author writes, an author's use of language; its effects and appropriateness to the author's intent and theme
111. Symbolism- device in literature where an object represents an idea
112. Syntax- pattern or structure of word order in sentences, clauses and phrases
113. Target Words- words that students are expected to know
114. Text Structure- author's method of organizing a text
115. Theme- topic of discussion or writing; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a literary work
116. Thesis- basic arguement advanced by a speaker or writer who them attempts to prove it; the subject or major argument of a speech or composition
117. Third Person- perspective in literature, the "third person" point of view presents the events of the story from outside of any single character's perception
118. Tone- attitude of the author toward the audience and characters
119. Validity- refers to the statements that have the appearance of truth or reality
120. Venn Diagrams- made up of two overlapping circles, useful for examining similarities and differences in characters, stories, poems and events, processes and major ideas between two texts
121. Voice- the fluency, rhythm and liveliness in writing that make it unique to the writer
Vocabulary
1. Accuracy- correctness or precision
2. Affix- one or more letters occurring as a bound from attached to the beginning or end of a word of base and serving to produce a derivative word or an inflectional form (e.g. a prefix or suffix)
3. Alliteration- the repetition of initial consonant sound in neighboring words
4. Allusion- an implied or indirect reference in literature to a familiar person, place, or event
5. Analysis- the process or result of identifying the parts of a whole and their relationships to one another
6. Antonym- a word that is opposite of another word (e.g. hot-cold, day-night)
7. Appositive- also called apposition; a grammatical construction in which two usually adjacent nouns having the same referent stand next to one another; often separated by commas (e.g. My father, Ned, worked for NASA.)
8. Assertion- a declaration, statement, allegation or claim
9. Author's purpose- the author's intent either to inform or teach someone about something, to entertain people, or to persuade or convince their audience to do or not do something
10. Author's Thesis- the topic and a specific feeling or idea associated with it, the thesis can be directly stated or implied in the examples and illustrations used by the author
11. Autobiography- the story of a person's life written by himself or herself
12. Bias- a judgment based on a personal point of view
13. Biography- the story of a person's life written by someone other than the subject of the work
14. Cause and Effect- cause statements stem from actions and events, and effects are what happen as a result of the action or event
15. Characterization- the method an author uses to reveal characters and their various personalities
16. Climax- the turning point in a narrative, the moment when the conflict is at its most intense; typically, the structure of the stories, novels and plays is one of rising action, in which tension builds to the climax
17. Compare- placing together characters, situations or ideas to show common or differing features in literary selections
18. Compound Word- a word composed of two or more small words, the definition of which is a combination of the definitions of the small words (e.g. wallpaper)
19. Conclusion- the ending of the story or the summarization of ideas of closing argument in nonfictional texts
20. Conflict/Problem- a struggle or clash between opposing characters, forces or emotions
21. Content Specific Words- core vocabulary the is peculiar to an academic discipline or subject, for example, the word precipitation is related to the discipline of science as it relates to weather
22. Context Clues- information from the reading that identifies a word or group of words
23. Contrast- to compare or appraise differences
24. Conventions of Language- mechanics, usage and sentence completeness
25. Descriptive Text- descriptive writing is intended to allow a reader to picture the scene or setting in which the action of a story takes place
26. Dialogue- in its widest sense, dialogue is simply conversation between people in a literary work; in its most restricted sense, it refers specifically to the speech of characters in a drama
27. Differentiate- distinguish, tell apart and recognize differences between two or more items
28. Editorials- a newspaper or magazine article that gives the opinion of the editors or publishers; an expression of opinion that resembles such an article
29. Epic- a long narrative poem about the adventures of a hero of great historic or legendary importance
30. Evaluate- to examine and to judge carefully
31. Exaggeration- to make an overstatement or to stretch the truth
32. Explanatory Sentence- a sentence that explains something (i.e. passage, paragraph, word)
33. Explicit- referring to specific text that is included in the reading passage or in the directions
34. Expository Text- text written to explain and convey information about a specific topic, contrasts with narrative text
35. Fable- narrative intended to convey a moral, animals or inanimate objects with human characteristics often serve as characters in fables
36. Fairy Tale- short narratives featuring mythical beings such as fairies, elves and sprites; these tales originally belonged to the folklore of a particular nation or region, such as those collected in Germany by Jacob and Willhelm Grimm
37. Fallacies of Logic- see propaganda techniques
38. Fiction- any story that is the product of imagination rather than a documentation of fact; characters and events in such narratives may be based in real life but their ultimate form and configuration is a creation of the author
39. Figurative Language- language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling
40. First Person- the "first person" or "personal" point of view relates events as they are perceived by a single character; the main character "tells" the story and may offer opinions about the action and characters that differ from those of the author
41. Flashback- a device used in literature to present action that occurred before the beginning of the story; flashbacks are often introduced as the dreams or recollections of one or more characters
42. Fluency- the clear, easy, written or spoken expression of ideas; freedom from word-identification problems that might hinder comprehension in silent reading or the expression of ideas in oral reading
43. Focus- the center of interest or attention
44. Folktales- a story originating in oral tradition; folktales fall into a variety of categories, including legends, ghost stories, fairy tales, fables and anecdotes based on historical figures and events
45. Foreshadowing- a device used in literature to create expectation or to set up an explanation of later development
46. Free Verse- poetry that lacks regular metrical and rhyme patterns but that tries to capture the cadences of everyday speech; the form allows a poet to exploit a variety of rhythmical effects within a single poem
47. Generalization- a conclusion, drawn from specific information, that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person
48. Genre- a category used to classify literary works, usually by form, technique or contect (e.g. prose, poetry)
49. Graphic Organizer- a diagram or pictorial device that shows relationship
50. Headings, Graphics and Charts- any visual cue on a page of text that offer additional information to guide the reader's comprehension; headings typically are words or phrases in bold print that indicate a topic or the theme of a portion of text; graphics may be photographs, drawings, maps or any other pictorial representation; charts condense data into a series of rows, lines or other shortened lists
51. Homophone- one of two of more words pronounced alike, but different in spelling or meaning (e.g. hair/hare)
52. Hyperbole- an exaggeration or overstatement (e.g. I was so embarrassed I could have died.)
53. Idiomatic Language- an expression peculiar to itself grammatically or that cannot be understand if taken literally (e.g. Let's get on the ball!)
54. Imagery- a word of group of words in a literary work which appeal to one or more of the senses; sight, taste, touch, hearing and smell; figurative language; the use of images serves to intensify the impact of the work
55. Implicit- meanings which, though unexpressed in the literal text, may be understood by the reader; implied
56. Inference- a judgment based on reasoning rather than on direct or explicit statement; a conclusion based on facts or circumstances; understanding gained by "reading between the lines"
57. Inflectional Ending- a form, suffix or element added to the end of a word that changes the form of the word to mark such distinctions as those of case, gender, number, tense, person, mood or voice
58. Informational Text- it is nonfiction, written primarily to convey factual information, comprise the majority of printed material adults read
59. Irony- the use of a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or usual meaning; incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the expected result
60. Legends- a story about a mythical or supernatural beings or events, or a story coming down from the past, especially one popularly reguarded as historical although not verifiable
61. Limerick- a light or humerous verse form of five lines, of which lines 1, 2 and 5 rhymes and lines 3 and 4 rhyme
62. Limited View- in literature, a speaker is speaking either in the first person, telling things from his or her own perspective, or in the third person, telling things from the perspective of the onlooker; if the speaker is unable to know what is in any character's mind by his or her own, this is called limited view
63. Literary Conflict- the struggle that grows out of the interplay of the two opposing forces in a plot
64. Literary Devices- tools used by the author to enliven and provide voice to the writing (e.g. dialogue, alliteration)
65. Literary Elements- the essential techniques used in literature (e.g. characterization, setting, plot, theme)
66. Literary Nonfiction- text that includes literary elements and devices usually associated with fiction to report on actual persons, places or events
67. Main Idea- the main idea is the author's central thought, the chief topic of a text expressed or implied in a word or phrase; the topic sentence of a paragraph
68. Metaphor- a figure of speech that expresses an idea through the image of another object; a metaphor suggest the essence of the first object by identifying it with certain qualities of the second object
69. Meter- the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry
70. Mood- the prevailing emotions of a work or of the author in his or her creation of the work; the mood of the work is not always what might be expected based on its subject matter
71. Multiple-meaning Words- words that have several meanings depending upon how they are used in sentences
72. Narrative- text which conveys a story or which relates events or dialogue; contrast with expository text
73. Nonfiction- prose writing that is not fictional; designed primarily to explain, argue, instruct, or describe rather than entertain
74. Omniscient- narrative perspective from which a literary work is presented to the reader from a "godlike" perspective, unrestricted by time or place, from which to see actions and look into the minds of characters, this allows the author to comment openly on characters and events in the work
75. Onomatopoeia- the use of words whose sounds express or suggest their meaning
76. Paraphrase- restate text or passage in other words, often to clarify meaning or show understanding
77. Pattern Book- a book with a predicable language structure and often written with predictable text
78. Personification- an object or abstract idea given human qualities or human form
79. Phonics- the relationship between letters and sounds fundamental in beginning reading
80. Plot- the structure of a story, the sequence in which the author arranges events in a story
81. Poetic Purpose- text with literary devices and language peculiar to poetry
82. Poetry- writing that aims to present ideas and evoke an emotional experience in the reader through the use of meter, imagery, connotative and concrete words
83. Point of View- the way in which an author reveals characters, events and ideas in telling a story, the vantage point from which the story is told
84. Possessive- a form of a noun or pronoun that indicates possession
85. Prefix- a prefixes are groups of letters taht can be placed before a word to alter its meaning
86. Print Media- includes such forms as newspapers, periodicals, magazines, books, newsletters, advertising, memos, business forms, etc
87. Problem/Solution- an organizational structure in nonfiction texts, where the author typically presents a problem and possible solution to it
88. Propaganda Techniques and Persuasive Tactics- used to influence people to believe, but or do something
89. Public Document- a document that focuses on civic issues or matters of public policy at the community level and beyond
90. Reading Critically- reading in which a questioning attitude, logical analysis and inference are used to judge the worth of text; evaluating relevancy and adequacy of what is read; the judgment of validity or worth of what is read, based on sound criteria
91. Reading Rate- the speed at which a person reads, usually silently
92. Research- a systematic inquiry into a subject or problem in order to discover, verify or revise relevant facts of principles having to do with that subject or problem
93. Resolution- the portion of a story following the climax, in which the conflict is resolved
94. Retell- recounting in one's own words a story or article that has just been read
95. Rhyme- identical or very similar recurring final sounds in words usually at the end of lines of a poem
96. Rhythm- the pattern or beat of a poem
97. Rising Action- the part of the story where the plot becomes increasingly complicated; leads to the climax or turning point
98. Root Word- one to which prefixes and suffixes can be added to form different words
99. Satire- literary tone used to ridicult or make fun of human vice or weakness
100. Self- Monitor- comprehension strategy; knowing or recognizing when what one is reading or writing is not making sense
101. Semantics- the study of meaning of language
102. Setting- the time and place in which a story unfolds
103. Simile- comparison of two unlike things in which a word or comparison (like or as) is used
104. Sonnet- lyric poem of fourteen lines whose rhyme scheme is fixed
105. Source- Primary- text and/or artifacts that tell of show a first hand account of an event
Secondary- text and/or artifacts used when researching that are derived from something original (e.g. biographies, magazine articles, research papers)
106. Story Maps- visual representation of a story that provides an overview including characters, setting, the problem, and a resolution or ending
107. Subject Area- an organized body of knowledge, a discipline, a content area
108. Suffix- groups of letters placed after a word to modify its meaning or change it into a different word group
109. Summarize- to capture all the most important parts of the original text, but express them in a much shorter space, and in the reader's own words
110. Style- how an author writes, an author's use of language; its effects and appropriateness to the author's intent and theme
111. Symbolism- device in literature where an object represents an idea
112. Syntax- pattern or structure of word order in sentences, clauses and phrases
113. Target Words- words that students are expected to know
114. Text Structure- author's method of organizing a text
115. Theme- topic of discussion or writing; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a literary work
116. Thesis- basic arguement advanced by a speaker or writer who them attempts to prove it; the subject or major argument of a speech or composition
117. Third Person- perspective in literature, the "third person" point of view presents the events of the story from outside of any single character's perception
118. Tone- attitude of the author toward the audience and characters
119. Validity- refers to the statements that have the appearance of truth or reality
120. Venn Diagrams- made up of two overlapping circles, useful for examining similarities and differences in characters, stories, poems and events, processes and major ideas between two texts
121. Voice- the fluency, rhythm and liveliness in writing that make it unique to the writer